Which statement best describes the relationship between reading comprehension and word decoding in a beginning reader’s development?
Accurate, fast word recognition is necessary for development of reading fluency and text comprehension.
Near the close of the day, a kindergarten teacher guides the students in conversation about the day’s activities. She writes down what is said on large chart paper, then reads it to the class. This activity would aid their literacy development primarily by promoting which skill?
oral language comprehension
What is the most important implication of the Four-Part Processing Model for Word Recognition?
Reading depends on constructing pathways between the phonological, orthographic, and meaning processors.
After results of a winter screening, six second-graders scored in the “somewhat at risk” range. What is the next step the teacher team should take?
Analyze the screening results and gather additional diagnostic assessment data.
How is the word sn – ow divided?
onset-rime
How many spoken syllables are there in frightening?
3
How many spoken syllables are there in cleaned?
1
What is the main reason that the ability to identify, segment, blend, and manipulate individual phonemes in spoken words is important for reading an alphabetic writing system?
This skill ultimately supports the ability to read words “by sight.”
Students with relative weaknesses in basic phonemic awareness are most likely to make progress if the teacher provides which practice?
asks students to look in a mirror while they describe the way that target phonemes are formed in the mouth
Which student has moved past the basic level of phonemic awareness?
the student substituting a sound in a given word and saying the new word
A student spells skin as “sgin.” What type of phonological error did she make?
substitution of a voiced for an unvoiced consonant
Having students substitute sounds for one another in a spoken word is an instructional activity that would be most appropriate for which students?
those who have mastered basic phonemic awareness
How can phonics instruction be organized to be most effective?
around a preplanned progression through a logical skill sequence
Which word group might a teacher include in a lesson focused on identification of consonant blends?
plan, squirm, train
Which word group might a teacher include in a lesson focused on reviewing consonant digraphs?
phone, throne, shown
Which characteristic likely describes a student at the prealphabetic phase?
may be unsure of terms such as word, sentence, letter, initial, final, left, right
Of all the phonic correspondences represented in these words, which pattern is likely to be learned after the others?
vine
Which of the following tasks would best provide practice for automating letter recognition in kindergarteners?
naming uppercase and lowercase printed letters in random order
Choose the best key word for introduction of short e (/ĕ/).
echo
Which of the following is the best example of a well-designed word list for a word chain activity?
rat, chat, chap, chip, rip, rap
A teacher has posted a word wall in first grade, using alphabetic order to list the words the students must learn. For example, under T are the words to, too, them, the, this, then. How could the teacher best ensure that students will recognize and spell these words?
by removing regularly spelled th words, and teaching them through sound blending
A good phonics lesson should include opportunities for students to apply the phoneme-grapheme relationships that have been explicitly taught. Which text type would best provide the practice needed?
decodable text
In which word does the grapheme representing /k/ indicate that the word is probably from Greek?
character
Which of the following words is most probably Latin based?
transport
Which of the following is a feature of English spelling?
Words never end in the letters j or v.
In phoneme-grapheme mapping, students first segment and mark boxes for the phonemes. Then, they map the graphemes. If students were mapping the graphemes in this word, how many boxes (phonemes) would they need? wife
3
In phoneme-grapheme mapping, students first segment and mark boxes for the phonemes. Then, they map the graphemes. If students were mapping the graphemes in this word, how many boxes (phonemes) would they need? dodged
4
In phoneme-grapheme mapping, students first segment and mark boxes for the phonemes. Then, they map the graphemes. If students were mapping the graphemes in this word, how many boxes (phonemes) would they need? void
3
In phoneme-grapheme mapping, students first segment and mark boxes for the phonemes. Then, they map the graphemes. If students were mapping the graphemes in this word, how many boxes (phonemes) would they need? stream
5
In phoneme-grapheme mapping, students first segment and mark boxes for the phonemes. Then, they map the graphemes. If students were mapping the graphemes in this word, how many boxes (phonemes) would they need? blaming
6
In phoneme-grapheme mapping, students first segment and mark boxes for the phonemes. Then, they map the graphemes. If students were mapping the graphemes in this word, how many boxes (phonemes) would they need? thrill
4
Which three letters could signal that c is pronounced /s/?
i, e, y
The /k/ sound in lake and lack is spelled differently. Why do we use the ck spelling in lack?
it follows a single short vowel at the end of a stressed syllable.
Which one of the following two-syllable words contains an open syllable and a closed syllable?
robot
Which one of the following two-syllable words contains a vowel team syllable and a syllable with a vowel-r pattern?
owner
A second-grade student writes: “I have finely finished my math project.” Her misspelling of the word finally most likely indicates which of the following?
She needs to know how the meaningful parts (morphemes) distinguish a word.
Which word might be found in a lesson on adjective suffixes?
native
How can a teacher explain to students why there is a double n in beginning?
The base word ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, and the suffix begins with a vowel.
Which of the following misspelled words would be considered to be a morphological spelling error?
“playd” for played
Which of the following is a phonologically based spelling error?
“paz” for praise
The best definition for “reading fluency” is which of the following?
oral reading with accuracy, expression, and sufficient speed to support comprehension
To support students’ automatic word recognition, a first-grade teacher should first teach students which strategy?
how to apply their knowledge of consistent phonics patterns in controlled text
If a second-grader lacks fluency when reading aloud, what is the language skill that the teacher should assess first?
phonology and decoding
If a midyear first-grader reaches benchmark on screening for correct letter sounds, but does not read any whole words accurately when asked to read simple nonsense syllables, what type of instruction should this student receive?
instruction in fluent phoneme blending
Which of these students has the greatest need for intervention focused on systematic, explicit phonics instruction?
a second-grader who relies on context clues to identify words but has trouble sounding out unfamiliar words, including nonsense words
